3.1.8.2.1 Entropy | Ucademy

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A level Chemistry Masterclass

3.1.1 Atomic structure

3.1.1.1 Fundamental particles (4:26)
Fundamental Particles Worksheet
3.1.1.2 Mass number and isotopes [Mass Spectrometry] (34:53)
Mass Spectrometry Quiz
Mass Number and Isotopes Worksheet
3.1.1.3 Electron configuration (11:50)
Electronic Configuration Quiz
3.1.1.3 Electron configuration [Ionisation Energy] (3:49)
Ionisation Energy Quiz
3.1.1.3 Electron configuration [What Affects Ionisation Energy?] (3:26)
Period 3 elements (4:57)
Trends Down the Group (5:25)
Electronic Configuration Worksheet
Atomic Structure Worksheet
Atomic Structure Quiz
Notes Submission (1:36)

3.1.2 Amount of substance

3.1.2 Amount of substance [Intro] (6:09)
3.1.2.1 Relative atomic mass and relative molecular mass (5:35)
3.1.2.2 The mole and the Avogadro constant (1:35)
3.1.2.3 The ideal gas equation (2:55)
3.1.2.4 Empirical and molecular formula (3:10)
Avogadro's Constant Quiz
Avogadro's Constant Worksheet
3.1.2.5 Balanced equations and associated calculations [Atom Economy] (2:33)
3.1.2.5 Balanced equations and associated calculations [Percentage Yield] (1:55)
Ideal Gas Equation Quiz
Ideal Gas Equation Worksheet
Empirical Formula Quiz
Empirical Formula Worksheet
Amount of Substance Quiz
Amount of Substance Worksheet
Notes Submission

3.1.3 Bonding

3.1.3 Bonding [Bonding Table] (4:39)
3.1.3.1 Ionic bonding (3:21)
3.1.3.2 Nature of covalent and dative covalent bonds (2:18)
3.1.3.3 Metallic bonding (1:19)
Electronegativity (4:45)
3.1.3.4 Bonding and physical properties (4:07)
3.1.3.5 Shapes of simple molecules and ions [Bonding Pairs] (6:53)
Bonding Quiz
Bonding Worksheet
3.1.3.6 Forces between molecules (5:15)
Notes Submission

3.1.4 Energetics

3.1.4.1 Enthalpy change [Endothermic & Exothermic] (4:43)
3.1.4.1 Enthalpy change [Enthalpy Definitions] (8:41)
Enthalpy Definitions Quiz
3.1.4.2 Calorimetry (7:35)
Calorimetry Quiz
3.1.4.3 Applications of Hess’s law (4:32)
Hess's Law Quiz
3.1.4.4 Bond enthalpies (1:24)
Notes Submission

3.1.5 Kinetics

3.1.5.1 Collision theory (3:02)
3.1.5.2 Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution (5:19)
Mazwell Boltzmann Distribution Quiz
Maxwell Boltzmann Distribution Worksheet
3.1.5.3/4 Effect of temperature, concentration, and pressure on reaction rate (3:54)
3.1.5.5 Catalysts (2:31)
Factors Affecting Rate Quiz
Factors Affecting Rate Worksheet
Notes Submission

3.1.6 Chemical equilibria, Le Chatelier’s principle and Kc

3.1.6.1 Chemical equilibria and Le Chatelier's principle (5:57)
3.1.6.1 Chemical equilibria and Le Chatelier's principle [Factors] (2:34)
3.1.6.2 Equilibrium constant Kc for homogeneous systems (6:05)
3.1.6.2.1 Working out Kc 1 (7:09)
3.1.6.2.2 Working out Kc 2 (3:42)
Kc Quiz
Kc Worksheet
Chemical Equilibria Quiz
Chemical Equilibria Worksheet
Notes Submission

3.1.7 Oxidation, reduction and redox equations

3.1.7.1 Redox Intro (4:56)
3.1.7.2 Oxidation States (4:03)
3.1.7.2.1 Individual Oxidation States (4:58)
3.1.7.2.2 Oxidation States Qs (4:26)
Oxidation States Quiz
3.1.7.3 Full & Half Equations (2:06)
3.1.7.3.1 Equations Q1 (3:46)
3.1.7.3.2 Equations Worked example With Students (4:57)
Redox Quiz
Redox Worksheet
Notes Submission

3.1.8 Thermodynamics (A-level only)

3.1.8 Thermodynamics [Enthalpy Definitions] (7:26)
3.1.8 Thermodynamics [Enthalpy Definitions 2] (3:44)
Enthalpy Definitions Quiz
3.1.8.1 Born–Haber cycles [Intro] (1:46)
3.1.8.1.1 Born–Haber cycles (5:23)
3.1.8.1.2 Born–Haber cycles Q1 (0:02)
3.1.8.1.3 Born–Haber cycles Q2 (3:51)
3.1.8.1.4 Enthalpy of Solution (3:06)
3.1.8.1.5 Lattice Enthalpy (2:13)
3.1.8.2 Gibbs free-energy change, ∆G, and entropy change, ∆S [Intro] (2:18)
3.1.8.2.1 Entropy (4:45)
3.1.8.2.2 Gibbs Free Energy Change (5:47)

3.1.9 Rate equations (A-level only)

3.1.9.1 Rate equations [Intro] (3:44)
3.1.9.1.1 Rate Expression (4:48)
3.1.9.1.2 Overall Rate Expression (3:07)
3.1.9.1.3 Initial Rate Method (4:38)
3.1.9.2 Determination of rate equation [Rate Determining Step] (4:28)
3.1.9.2.1 Arrhenius constant (7:32)
3.1.9.2.2 Half life (OCR) (2:11)
Rates Worksheet
Notes Submission

3.1.11 Electrode potentials and electrochemical cells (A-level only)

3.1.11.1 Electrode potentials and cells [Intro] (5:51)
3.1.11.1.1 Standard Electrode Basics (2:01)
3.1.11.1.2 Standard Electrode Potential (5:35)
3.1.11.1.3 Electrochemical Series (1:09)
3.1.11.2 Commercial applications of electrochemical cells (3:07)
3.1.11.2.1 Hydrogen Oxygen Fuel Cells (1:29)
3.1.11.2.2 Standard Hydrogen Electrode (2:33)
3.1.11.2.3 Pros & Cons of Hydrogen Fuel Cells (2:16)
Notes Submission

3.1.12 Acids and bases (A-level only)

3.1.12.1 Brønsted–Lowry acid–base equilibria in aqueous solution (2:59)
3.1.12.2 Definition and determination of pH (5:20)
3.1.12.2.1 Basic pH Questions (1:32)
3.1.12.2.2 Strong/Weak Acids & Bases (4:35)
3.1.12.3 The ionic product of water, Kw [Intro] (3:42)
3.1.12.3.1 The ionic product of water, Kw (4:34)
3.1.12.3.2 Working out Kw (3:05)
3.1.12.4 Weak acids and bases Ka for weak acids (3:28)
3.1.12.4.1 Key Formulas (1:13)
3.1.12.4.2 pKa (1:13)
3.1.12.4.3 Monoprotic & Diprotic Acids (3:06)
3.1.12.5 pH curves, titrations and indicators (2:35)
3.1.12.5.1 Equivalence and End Point (1:47)
3.1.12.5.2 Indicators (3:09)
3.1.12.5.3 Half Neutralisation Point (1:47)
3.1.12.6 Buffer action (2:59)
3.1.12.6.1 Applications of Buffers (3:58)
3.1.12.6.2 Acidic Buffers (2:35)
3.1.12.6.3 Buffers Calculations (3:16)
Notes Submission

3.2.1 Periodicity

3.2.1.1 Classification (13:07)
3.2.1.2 Physical properties of Period 3 elements and Their Oxides (9:33)
3.2.1.2.1 Atomic Radius (2:16)
3.2.1.2.2 Melting and Boiling Points (2:50)
Periodicity Quiz
Periodicity Worksheet
Notes Submission

3.2.2 Group 2, the alkaline earth metals

3.2.2.1 Group 2 Intro (1:21)
3.2.2.2 Atomic Radius (3:37)
3.2.2.3 Ionisation Energy (2:42)
3.2.2.4 Electronegativity (1:57)
3.2.2.5 Reactivity (3:33)
3.2.2.6 Equations (3:12)
3.2.2.7 Reactivity of Sulfates (1:46)
3.2.2.8 Use of Hydroxides (2:30)
3.2.2.9 Mg in Titanium Extraction (2:15)
3.2.2.10 The Use of CaO or CaCO3 (2:54)
3.2.2.11 The Use of BaSO4 in Medicine (1:03)
Group 2 Quiz
Group 2 Worksheet
Notes Submission

3.2.3 Group 7(17), the halogens

3.2.3.1 Trends in properties (15:27)
3.2.3.1.1 Trends in Reducing Ability (4:36)
3.2.3.1.2 Test for Halide Ions (4:28)
3.2.3.2 Uses of chlorine and chlorate(I) (2:36)
3.2.3.2.1 Advantages and Disadvantages of Chlorine (0:48)
3.2.3.2.2 Observation of Test Tube Reactions (1:38)
Group 7 Quiz
Group 7 Worksheet
Notes Submission

3.2.4 Properties of Period 3 elements and their oxides (A-level only)

3.2.4.1 Period 3 Intro (1:41)
3.2.4.2 Trends in Reactions with Oxygen (3:55)
3.2.4.3 Bonding with Oxides (5:48)
3.2.4.4 Trends in Metal Oxides (3:09)
Notes Submission

3.2.5 Transition metals (A-level only)

3.2.5.1 General properties of transition metals (7:05)
3.2.5.1.1 Removing Electrons from Transition Metals (2:39)
3.2.5.1.2 General Properties (6:16)
3.2.5.2.1 Substitution reactions [Ligands] (3:36)
3.2.5.2.2 Ligands 2 (2:36)
3.2.5.2.3 Chelate Effect (4:50)
3.2.5.3 Shapes of complex ions (4:11)
3.2.5.4 Formation of coloured ions (5:09)
3.2.5.4.1 Spectroscopy (3:00)
3.2.5.5 Variable oxidation states (3:10)
3.2.5.5.1 Variable oxidation states 2 (3:50)
3.2.5.6.1 Heterogenous Catalysts (5:19)
3.2.5.6.2 Homogenous Catalysts (2:37)
3.2.5.6.3 Autocatalysis (3:46)
Notes Submission

3.3.1 Introduction to organic chemistry

3.3.1.1.1 Nomenclature [Structure] (2:35)
3.3.1.1.2 IUPAC Rules (4:56)
3.3.1.1.3 Functional Group Table (5:49)
3.3.1.2 Reaction mechanisms (2:20)
3.3.1.3 Isomerism (3:42)
3.3.1.3.1 E-Z Isomerism (2:21)
Intro to Organic Chem Worksheet
Notes Submission

3.3.2 Alkanes

3.3.2.1 Fractional distillation of crude oil (1:19)
3.3.2.2 Modification of alkanes by cracking (3:07)
3.3.2.3 Combustion of alkanes (3:44)
3.3.2.4 Chlorination of alkanes (3:08)
Alkanes Worksheet
Notes Submission

3.3.3 Halogenoalkanes

3.3.3 Halogenoalkanes Intro (2:27)
3.3.3.1.1 Nucleophilic substitution - OH (3:31)
3.3.3.1.2 Nucleophilic substitution- CN (2:04)
3.3.3.1.3 Nucleophilic substitution - NH3 (3:40)
3.3.3.1.4 Bond Enthalpy (3:16)
Halogenoalkanes Worksheet
3.3.3.2 Elimination (5:14)
3.3.3.3 Ozone depletion (9:38)
Notes Submission

3.3.4 Alkenes

3.3.4.1 Structure, bonding and reactivity (4:09)
3.3.4.2.1 Addition reactions of alkenes: Electrophilic Addition - Br2 (5:05)
3.3.4.2.2 Addition reactions of alkenes: Electrophilic Addition - HBr (4:34)
3.3.4.2.3 Carbocation (3:04)
3.3.4.2.4 Electrophilic Addition - H2SO4 (1) (3:18)
3.3.4.2.5 Electrophilic Addition - H2SO4 (2) (6:02)
3.3.4.3 Addition polymers (4:09)
Notes Submission

3.3.5 Alcohols

3.3.5.1 Alcohol production [Ethanol] (0:50)
3.3.5.2 Oxidation of alcohols (7:57)
3.3.5.3 Elimination (1:49)
Notes Submission

3.3.6 Organic analysis

3.3.6.1 Identification of functional groups by test-tube reactions (5:23)
3.3.6.2 Mass spectrometry (34:53)
3.3.6.3 Infrared spectroscopy (12:15)
Notes Submission

3.3.7 Optical isomerism (A-level only)

3.3.7 Optical isomerism (30:24)
Notes Submission

3.3.8 Aldehydes and ketones (A-level only)

3.3.8.1 Aldehydes and ketones - Part 1 (4:24)
3.3.8.2 Aldehydes and ketones - Part 2 (3:58)
3.3.8.3 Aldehydes and ketones - Part 3 (5:39)
3.3.8..4 Aldehydes and ketones - Part 4 (5:00)
Notes Submission

3.3.9 Carboxylic acids and derivatives (A-level only)

3.3.9.1 Carboxylic acids and esters (23:45)
Notes Submission

3.3.10 Aromatic chemistry (A-level only)

3.3.10.1/2 Bonding and Electrophilic Substitution (23:48)
Notes Submission

3.3.11 Amines (A-level only)

3.3.11.1 Preparation (20:55)
Notes Submission

3.3.12 Polymers (A-level only)

3.3.12 Polymers (3:43)
Notes Submission

3.3.13 Amino acids, proteins and DNA (A-level only)

3.3.13.1 Amino acids (40:49)
3.3.13.2-4 Proteins, Enzymes, DNA (28:53)
Notes Submission

3.3.14 Organic synthesis

3.3.14.1 Organic synthesis - Part 1 (5:44)
3.3.14.2 Organic synthesis - Part 2 (12:36)
Notes Submission

3.3.15 Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (A-level only)

3.3.15.1 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (33:45)
3.3.15.2 NMR with Questions (41:17)
Notes Submission

3.3.16 Chromatography (A-level only)

3.3.16.1 Chromatography - Part 1 (5:58)
3.3.16.2 Chromatography - Part 2 (10:49)
Notes Submission

Organic Chemistry Other

Uses of Polychloroethene (3:41)
All Chem Mechanisms
Notes Submission

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3.1.8.2.1 Entropy

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